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Introduction to the working principle of customized piezoelectric transducers

2023-03-02 15:45

Customized piezoelectric transducers are devices that use the piezoelectric effect of certain single crystal materials and the electrostrictive effect of certain polycrystalline materials to convert electrical energy and acoustic energy into each other. Because of its high electroacoustic efficiency, large power capacity, and the structure and shape can be designed according to different applications, it is widely used in the field of power ultrasound.

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Piezoelectric effect, the structure of some single crystal materials has asymmetric characteristics. When these materials are subjected to external stress and generate strain, the change (deformation) of their internal lattice structure will destroy the original macroscopic state of electrical neutrality. A polarizing electric field (electrical polarization) is generated, and the generated electric field (electrical polarization) is proportional to the magnitude of the strain. The manufacturer of customized piezoelectric transducers tells you that this phenomenon is called the positive piezoelectric effect, which was discovered by the Curie brothers in 1880. Subsequently, in 1881, it was further discovered that this type of single crystal material also has an inverse piezoelectric effect, that is, when a material with a positive piezoelectric effect is subjected to an external electric field, there will be stress and strain, and the strain is proportional to the magnitude of the external electric field. Proportional. The manufacturer of customized piezoelectric transducers tells you that the piezoelectric effect is a characteristic of the crystal structure, which is related to the asymmetry of the crystal structure, and the magnitude and nature of the piezoelectric effect are related to the relative direction of the applied stress or electric field to the crystallization axis. There are many kinds of single crystal materials with piezoelectric effect, the most commonly used ones are natural quartz (sio2) crystals, and artificial single crystal materials such as lithium sulfate (li2so4), lithium niobate (linbo3) and so on.
Electrostrictive effect, there are spontaneously formed molecular groups in some polycrystalline materials, the so-called "electric domains", which have a certain polarization, and the length along the polarization direction is often different from the length in other directions. When there is an applied electric field, the electric domain will rotate, so that its polarization direction tends to be consistent with the direction of the applied electric field, so that the length of the material along the direction of the applied electric field will change, showing elastic strain. This phenomenon is called the electrostrictive effect. The manufacturer of customized piezoelectric transducers tells you that the electrostrictive effect also has a reverse effect, that is, when the polycrystalline material with the electrostrictive effect is subjected to external stress and strain, its total polarization intensity will change, which is manifested as electrical polarization (generated electric field). Therefore, the electrostrictive effect can be said to be related to the phenomenon of electric polarization (self-polarization).